This voltage-to-current converter delivers a variable 4mA to 20mA output (0V to 1V input) using only a positive power-supply rail. R S is selected so that the first term gives 16 mA for full-scale ...

For the PDF version of this article, click here. Over the years, power supply designers have been persuaded that current mode is superior to its voltage-mode counterpart. As a result, the major PWM ...

Many embedded systems require a stable, low-noise DC reference. This reference can be a stable current or voltage source. These references are used in many ways. Some typical uses are listed as ...