At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Data analysis is a fundamental process in any project. However, data can be lumped into different types, with categorical and ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...

Having assessed the responses to our survey of technology suppliers about expected automation purchasing and use trends in the discrete and batch manufacturing industries, we now turn our attention to ...

The broader shift is toward forecasting rather than reacting. Instead of detecting disease only after it crosses a threshold, systems will track trends that indicate future risk. The value of next ...

The traditional approach to artificial intelligence development relies on discrete training cycles. Engineers feed models vast datasets, let them learn, then freeze the parameters and deploy the ...