Nonthermal and thermal plasmas are used in the industrial, engineering, medical, and research industries. Plasma composition is an important parameter in any plasma process. Using optical emission ...

“Plasma” refers to a gas with a significant proportion of ionized molecules, which produce various excited ions, atoms, and molecules. Electrons liberated from ions and atoms are highly energetic and ...

Recent advancements in educational methodologies have incorporated spectroscopy and optical instrumentation to provide students with hands-on experiences in the fundamental principles of analytical ...

Hitachi collaborates with over 1,000 universities and research institutes globally to provide material analyzers for research, teaching, and testing purposes. Since many universities are well-equipped ...