Learn how representative samples and random samples differ and why combining them minimizes sampling bias for accurate data.

Extropy has emerged as a pivotal measure in the quantification of uncertainty, serving as a complementary counterpart to the traditional concept of entropy. Unlike entropy, which is widely used to ...

Fuzzy statistics and random variables represent a progressive fusion of traditional probability theory with the principles of fuzzy logic, enabling the treatment of imprecision and vagueness inherent ...

Introduction to probability theory and its applications. Axioms of probability, distributions, discrete and continuous random variables, conditional and joint distributions, correlation, limit laws, ...