In fields ranging from immunology and ecology to economics and thermodynamics, multi-scale complex systems are ubiquitous. They are also notoriously difficult to model. Conventional approaches take ...

Analysing human societies as complex systems can provide an insight into historical processes and the strengths and weaknesses of capitalism. Analysing human societies as complex systems can provide ...

Systems theory was not originally a business theory. Indeed, systems theory was proposed in the 1940s by biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, say Francis Heylighen and Cliff Joslyn in their article, ...

Newton’s third law tells us that for every action, there’s an equal reaction going the opposite way. It’s been reassuring us for 400 years, explaining why we don’t fall through the floor (the floor ...

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Systems theory is an alternative approach to understanding, managing and planning organizations. Employee relations is a human resources discipline concerned with strengthening ties between employers ...

Linear Algebra (e.g. Math 240 or GenEng 205-1), Probability (e.g. ELEC_ENG 302), basic optimization and mathematical maturity. The strategic interactions among multiple agents is a fundamental feature ...