We use metals in construction, domestic appliances, vehicles, and many other everyday products. It really can be said that metals have built the modern world. To fine-tune the desired properties of ...

Essentials of Heat Treatment provides a thorough introduction to steel heat treatment, including a discussion of how heat and carbon content impact a steel's microstructure. This class also describes ...

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Scientific American is the authority on science and technology for a general audience, with coverage that explains how research changes our understanding of the world and shapes our lives. First ...

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...