Physicists and computer scientists have recently expanded the modern theory of the thermodynamics of computation. By combining approaches from statistical physics and computer science, the researchers ...

Theory of Computation offers a rigorous mathematical framework that underpins our understanding of what can be computed and how efficiently these computations may be performed. It encompasses ...

In conventional computing, we can draw a clean line between software and hardware. In brains, there is no such separation of different scales. In the brain, everything influences everything else, from ...

Note: For a definition of unfamiliar terms, see our glossary. The fundamental particles of the universe that physicists have identified—electrons, neutrinos, quarks, and so on—are the "letters" of all ...