This design idea shows how to make an adjustable voltage regulator provide a regulated output voltage that is less than its internal voltage reference and adjustable to nearly zero. This can be a ...

Generate a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) current by using the difference in forward voltage appearing across a resistor when two diodes (or diode-connected transistors) are operated at ...

A precise, temperature-compensated voltage reference circuit lies at the heart of every analog-to-digital converter. Voltage-reference technology hadn't changed fundamentally in decades until last ...

Modern-day CMOS converters typically operate from 3.3- or 5-V power supplies. This will limit the on-chip voltage reference to a bandgap reference. Reference technology in integrated circuits (ICs) is ...

CMOS voltage reference circuits are integral to modern electronic systems, providing a stable and reproducible voltage that underpins the performance of myriad integrated devices. These circuits ...