In the nearly 40 years since electronic control systems first became common features of industrial machines, controls theory has necessarily evolved to keep pace with machine design. Early on, systems ...

PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...

The introduction of inverse feedback and control loops incorporating it was a brilliant advance in the history of engineering, but it was soon followed (probably on that very same day!) by the ...